Time turned out to be three-dimensional: what scientists assume

According to a new theory proposed by scientists from the University of Alaska at Fairbanks (UAF), time, rather than the totality of space and time, may be the only fundamental environment in which all physical phenomena occur. The theory also states that it exists in three dimensions, not just in what we perceive as continuous progressive motion. Space appears as a secondary manifestation of three-dimensional time.

According to Gunther Kletetschka, an associate research professor at the UAF Geophysical Institute, the three dimensions of time are the primary fabric of everything, like the canvas of a painting. Space also exists in them, but it looks more like paint on a canvas than the canvas itself. These thoughts differ markedly from the generally accepted ideas in physics that reality consists of one dimension of time and three dimensions of space. This is known as the space-time continuum, a concept developed more than a century ago that considers time and space as a single whole.

The mathematical formula of the Cell, which includes six dimensions — time and space combined — can bring scientists closer to finding a universal explanation of the universe. It is difficult to comprehend the dimensions of time that go beyond our daily movement forward. Theoretical physicists have proposed many options. Kletechka's work, published in the collection Reports in Advances of Physical Science, complements an extensive series of research by theoretical physicists on a topic beyond traditional physics.

The author points out that his mathematical model for three-dimensional time surpasses the proposals of other scientists, allowing reproducing known particle masses and other physical properties of matter. Earlier proposals for three-dimensional time were mostly mathematical constructions with no specific experimental connections. The new work transforms this concept from an interesting mathematical possibility into a physically testable theory with multiple independent verification channels.

This theory can be used to predict the properties of particles that are currently unknown, as well as to understand the origin of mass, which will eventually help solve one of the most important questions in physics.

What is 3D time?

Three—dimensional time is a theory according to which time, like space, has several independent directions, which are usually represented as three axes of time, similar to the X, Y, and Z axes in a spatial coordinate grid.

Imagine that you are walking along a straight road, moving forward and therefore experiencing time as we know it. Now imagine another road that crosses the first one and goes sideways. If you follow this side path and stay in the same moment of "normal time," you'll find that things could have been a little different—perhaps it would have been a different version of the same day. Moving along this perpendicular second path, you could explore different scenarios for the events of that day without going back or moving forward in time as we know it.

The possibility of different outcomes of the same events is, in a nutshell, the second dimension of time. The way to move from one outcome to another is the third dimension.

Kletechka claims that his theory solves problems related to earlier theories of three-dimensional time based on traditional physics. These earlier theories, for example, describe several time dimensions in which cause-and-effect relationships are potentially ambiguous. The Cell theory ensures that causes still precede effects, even if there are multiple time dimensions, just in a more complex mathematical structure.

Some researchers, in particular theoretical physicist Yitzhak Bars from the University of Southern California, believe that in three-dimensional time, the second and third dimensions become visible or manifest themselves at levels of extreme energy, for example, in the early Universe or in the interaction of high—energy particles that form in megatrons - quasars, black holes and areas of intense star formation..

The theory of "everything"

Bars and other theoretical physicists believe that the theory of three-dimensional time will help answer important physical questions that have baffled scientists so far. The Cell's approach may even help solve the most ambitious of all unsolved problems in physics: to combine quantum mechanics — the behavior of particles on the smallest scale — and gravity into a single quantum theory of gravity.

The quantum theory of gravity can lead to the creation or become the basis of a general theory of the universe — the so-called "theory of everything". This elusive unifying theory should connect and collectively explain the four fundamental forces of nature—electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, and gravity. The standard model of particle physics combines the first three. Gravity has so far been explained by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. These two models contain an insoluble contradiction, and physicists are looking for a "theory of everything" that will resolve this contradiction. Understanding the origin of particle masses is a key goal of this search.

Kletechka believes that his theory of three-dimensional time accurately reproduces the known masses of particles such as electrons, muons and quarks, and also explains why these particles have such masses.

The path to unification may require a fundamental revision of the very nature of physical reality. This theory demonstrates that the perception of time as a three-dimensional space can naturally solve many physical problems using a single consistent mathematical structure.Gunther The Cage